Incidencia y mecanismo etiológico de ictus en cirugía cardiaca / Incidence and etiological mechanism of stroke in cardiac surgery

OBJETIVO: Estudiar a los pacientes que tuvieron un ictus en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca, para ver la evolución y determinar los factores que influyen en su pronóstico y tratamiento. MÉTODOS: Establecimos un protocolo para la detección precoz de ictus en los pacientes tras cirugía cardiaca. Recogimos la aparición de ictus y datos clínicos, quirúrgicos y pronósticos; posteriormente realizamos un análisis descriptivo. RESULTADOS: Durante los 15 meses del estudio hubo 16 ictus, un 2,5% de los pacientes operados. Edad media 69 ± 8 años, 63% varones. La incidencia de ictus en pacientes octogenarios fue del 5,1%. Cinco (31%) fueron cirugías urgentes. Por enfermedad cardiaca intervenida: un 7% recibió cirugía mitral, 6,5% cirugía combinada, un 3% cirugía valvular aórtica y un 2,24% cirugía coronaria. La mayoría de los ictus (44%) fueron por embolia, seguida por hipoperfusión (25%). El 69% de los ictus ocurrieron en los 2 primeros días de postoperatorio. La media de la puntuación en la escala NIHSS en el ictus fue 9, se activó código ictus en 10 (62%), y se realizó trombectomía en uno de ellos (14%). La evolución fue favorable en la mayoría, con una escala de Rankin a los 3 meses ≤ 2 en 13 (80%). No hubo muertes hospitalarias entre estos pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestro medio, los ictus tras cirugía cardiaca son de pequeño tamaño y tienen una buena evolución a largo plazo. La mayoría ocurren en los primeros 2 días de postoperatorio y su mecanismo es principalmente embólico. La incidencia de ictus en los pacientes octogenarios intervenidos fue del doble que en la población general

OBJECTIVE: We studied patients who had experienced a stroke in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, aiming to analyse their progression and determine the factors that may influence prognosis and treatment. METHODS: We established a protocol for early detection of stroke after cardiac surgery and collected data on stroke onset and a number of clinical, surgical, and prognostic variables in order to perform a descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Over the 15-month study period we recorded 16 strokes, which represent 2.5% of the patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Mean age in our sample was 69 ± 8 years; 63% of patients were men. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older was 5.1%. Five patients (31%) underwent emergency surgery. By type of cardiac surgery, 7% of patients underwent mitral valve surgery, 6.5% combined surgery, 3% aortic valve surgery, and 2.24% coronary surgery. Most cases of stroke (44%) were due to embolism, followed by hypoperfusion (25%). Stroke occurred within 2 days of surgery in 69% of cases. The mean NIHSS score in our sample of stroke patients was 9; code stroke was activated in 10 cases (62%); one patient (14%) underwent thrombectomy. Most patients progressed favourably: 13 (80%) scored ≤ 2 on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. None of the patients died during the postoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In our setting, strokes occurring after cardiac surgery are usually small and have a good long-term prognosis. Most of them occur within 2 days, and they are mostly embolic in origin. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older and undergoing cardiac surgery is twice as high as that of the general population

Incidence and etiological mechanism of stroke in cardiac surgery. / Incidencia y mecanismo etiológico de ictus en cirugía cardiaca.

OBJECTIVE: We studied patients who had experienced a stroke in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, aiming to analyse their progression and determine the factors that may influence prognosis and treatment. METHODS: We established a protocol for early detection of stroke after cardiac surgery and collected data on stroke onset and a number of clinical, surgical, and prognostic variables in order to perform a descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Over the 15-month study period we recorded 16 strokes, which represent 2.5% of the patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Mean age in our sample was 69 ± 8 years; 63% of patients were men. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older was 5.1%. Five patients (31%) underwent emergency surgery. By type of cardiac surgery, 7% of patients underwent mitral valve surgery, 6.5% combined surgery, 3% aortic valve surgery, and 2.24% coronary surgery. Most cases of stroke (44%) were due to embolism, followed by hypoperfusion (25%). Stroke occurred within 2 days of surgery in 69% of cases. The mean NIHSS score in our sample of stroke patients was 9; code stroke was activated in 10 cases (62%); one patient (14%) underwent thrombectomy. Most patients progressed favourably: 13 (80%) scored≤2 on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. None of the patients died during the postoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In our setting, strokes occurring after cardiac surgery are usually small and have a good long-term prognosis. Most of them occur within 2 days, and they are mostly embolic in origin. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older and undergoing cardiac surgery is twice as high as that of the general population.

Temperature and time variations during osteotomies performed with different piezosurgical devices: an in vitro study.

AIM: The aim of this experimental in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the piezoelectric device in temperature and time variations in standardized osteotomies performed with similar tip inserts in bovine bone blocks. METHODS: Two different piezosurgical devices were used the OE-F15(®) (Osada Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA) and the Surgybone(®) (Silfradent Inc., Sofia, Forli Cesena, Italy). Serrated inserts with similar geometry were coupled with each device (ST94 insert/test A and P0700 insert/test B). Osteotomies 10 mm long and 3 mm deep were performed in bone blocks resembling type II (dense) and type IV (soft) bone densities with and without irrigation. Thermal changes and time variations were recorded. The effects of bone density, irrigation, and device on temperature changes and time necessary to accomplish the osteotomies were analyzed. RESULTS: Thermal analysis showed significant higher temperatures during piezosurgery osteotomies in hard bone without irrigation (P < 0.05). The type of piezosurgical device did not influence thermal variations (P > 0.05). Time analysis showed that the mean time values necessary to perform osteotomies were shorter in soft bone than in dense bone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it may be concluded that the temperature increases more in piezosurgery osteotomies in dense bone without irrigation; the time to perform the osteotomy with piezosurgery is shorter in soft bone compared to hard bone; and the piezosurgical device have a minimal influence in the temperature and time variations when a similar tip design is used during piezosurgery osteotomies.